Why Nancy Pelosi went to Taiwan and why China is angry

When US House Speaker Nancy Pelosi flew into Taiwan on an Air Force passenger jet, she became the highest-ranking American official in 25 years to visit the self-ruled island.

China announced military manoeuvres in retaliation, even as Taiwanese officials welcomed her and she headed to her hotel.

The reason her visit on Tuesday ratcheted up tension between China and the United States is that China claims Taiwan as part of its territory and views visits by foreign government officials as them recognising the island’s sovereignty.

US President Joe Biden has sought to calm that complaint, insisting there is no change in America’s longstanding “one-China policy”, which recognises Beijing but allows informal relations and defence ties with Taipei.

Ms Pelosi portrays her high-profile trip as part of a US obligation to stand with democracies against autocratic countries, and with democratic Taiwan against China.

Here is a look at some of the issues at play:

– Why did Nancy Pelosi go to Taiwan?

Ms Pelosi has made a mission over decades of showing support for embattled democracy movements. Those include a trip in 1991 to Tiananmen Square, where she and other legislators unrolled a small banner supporting democracy, as frowning Chinese security officers tried to shut them down. Chinese forces had crushed a homegrown democracy movement at the same spot two years earlier.

The speaker is framing her Taiwan trip as part of a broader mission at a time when “the world faces a choice between autocracy and democracy”. She led a congressional delegation to the Ukrainian capital Kyiv in the spring, and her latest effort serves as a capstone to her years of promoting democracy abroad.

“We must stand by Taiwan,” she said in an opinion piece published by The Washington Post on her arrival in Taiwan. She cited the commitment that the US made to a democratic Taiwan under a 1979 law.

“It is essential that America and our allies make clear that we never give in to autocrats,” she wrote.

– What is the US stand on Taiwan?

The Biden administration, and Ms Pelosi, say the United States remains committed to its “one-China policy”.

Taiwan and mainland China split during a civil war in 1949. But China claims the island as its own territory and has not ruled out using military force to take it.

China has been increasing both diplomatic and military pressure in recent years. It cut off all contact with Taiwan’s government in 2016 after President Tsai Ing-wen refused to endorse its claim that the island and mainland together make up a single Chinese nation, with Communist Beijing the sole legitimate government.

Beijing sees official American contact with Taiwan as encouragement to make the island’s decades-old de facto independence permanent, a step US leaders say they do not support.

– How is the Chinese military handling the tension-raising trip?

Soon after Ms Pelosi’s arrival, China announced a series of military operations and drills, which followed its promises of “resolute and strong measures” if Ms Pelosi went through with her visit.

China’s People’s Liberation Army said the manoeuvres would take place in the waters and skies near Taiwan and include the firing of long-range ammunition in the Taiwan Strait.

China’s official Xinhua News said the army planned to conduct live-fire drills from Thursday to Sunday across multiple locations. An image released by the news agency indicated that the drills were to take place in six different areas in the waters surrounding Taiwan.

Taiwan’s Defence Ministry said early on Wednesday that China had sent 21 planes flying towards Taiwan, 18 of them fighter jets. The rest included an early warning plane and an electronic warfare plane.

– How has the United States responded?

While Mr Biden had expressed some wariness about Ms Pelosi’s trip, the administration had not openly opposed it and said it was up to Ms Pelosi to decide whether to go.

Ahead of Ms Pelosi’s visit, the American military increased its movements in the Indo-Pacific region. The aircraft carrier USS Ronald Reagan and its strike group were in the Philippine Sea on Monday, according to officials.

The Reagan, the cruiser USS Antietam and the destroyer USS Higgins left Singapore after a port visit and moved north towards their home port in Japan. The carrier has an array of aircraft, including F/A-18 fighter jets and helicopters, as well as sophisticated radar systems and other weapons.

– Is armed conflict a risk?

Chinese President Xi Jinping and Mr Biden have both made clear they do not want that. In a call with Mr Biden last week, Mr Xi echoed a theme of Mr Biden’s – their countries should co-operate on areas where they can.

The biggest risk is likely to be an accident if China tries the kind of provocative manoeuvre it has increasingly been executing with other militaries around the South China Sea. Those include close fly-bys of other aircraft or confronting vessels at sea.

However, when it comes to the United States, with the world’s strongest military, “despite a chorus of nationalistic rhetoric, China will be careful not to stumble into a conflict with colossal damages on all fronts”, said Yu Jie, a senior research fellow at the Chatham House think tank.

For China, the best approach is patience and time, Jie said – building towards the day when its economy and military could be too big for the US to challenge.